10 Things We Hate About Evolution Korea
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. It's still better than was expected.
The country is in search of a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They also established tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon, paper making, block printing art styles, as well as a written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern region of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to join the army or build fortifications.
At the end of this period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the area. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all people, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times. Early evidence for human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious goods like amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and built of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do consider to be a genuine Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territorial holdings. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, people who support the old system seek to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, as well as by stoking fears of job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development including illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key factors that seem to influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this population. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there wasn't enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles on scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were fascinated by creationism that they raised funds and received support to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. During this period the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 and 4.
Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent confrontation with Evolution Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.